6. Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)

On May 2, 2024, the Company entered into a ChEF Purchase Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) and a Registration Rights Agreement (the “Registration Rights Agreement”), each with Chardan Capital Markets LLC (“Chardan”) related to a “ChEF,” Chardan’s committed equity facility (the “Facility”). Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, the Company has the right from time to time at its option to sell to Chardan up to the lesser of (i) $25.0 million in aggregate gross purchase price of newly issued shares of the Company’s common stock and (ii) 622,168 shares of the Company’s common stock, which is equal to 19.99% of the shares of common stock outstanding immediately prior to the execution of the Purchase Agreement (the “Exchange Cap”), unless (i) the average price of such shares sold to Chardan under the Facility equals or exceeds the base price set forth in the Purchase Agreement, so that the Exchange Cap limitation would not apply to such issuances and sales pursuant to the Purchase Agreement under the rules of the Nasdaq Stock Market or (ii) the Company’s stockholders approve the issuance of common stock pursuant to the Purchase Agreement in excess of the Exchange Cap. The Facility will allow the Company to raise primary equity on a periodic basis at its sole discretion depending on a variety of factors including, among other things, market conditions, the trading price of the common stock, and determinations by the Company regarding the use of proceeds of such common stock. The purchase price of the shares of common stock will be determined by reference to the Volume Weighted Average Price (“VWAP”) of the common stock during the applicable purchase period, less a fixed 4% discount to such VWAP, and the total shares to be purchased on any day may not exceed 20% of the trading volume of the Company’s common stock during the applicable purchase period. The Purchase Agreement will be effective for a 36-month period ending May 16, 2027. During the three and nine months ended June 30, 2024, the Company sold 37,654 shares of common stock pursuant to the Purchase Agreement for net proceeds of $0.1 million. The Company incurred $0.4 million of costs in connection with the Purchase Agreement during the three and nine months ended June 30, 2024, which are included in general and administrative expenses in the unaudited interim consolidated statements of operations.

On October 26, 2023, the Company closed a public offering of common stock and certain warrants through Chardan Capital Markets, LLC and Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc. as underwriters, for net proceeds of $3.9 million through the issuance and sale of 1,306,250 shares of its common stock and, to certain investors, pre-funded warrants to purchase 1,537,500 shares of common stock, and accompanying common warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 5,687,500 shares of its common stock. Each share of common stock and pre-funded warrant to purchase one share of common stock was sold together with a common warrant to purchase two shares of common stock. The public offering price of each share of common stock and accompanying common warrant was $1.60 and the public offering price of each pre-funded warrant and accompanying common warrant was $1.5999. The common warrants were immediately exercisable at a price of $1.60 per share of common stock, expire five years from the date of issuance and contain an alternative cashless exercise provision. In connection with the June 2024 inducement offer discussed further below, the exercise price was decreased to $1.20 per share of common stock for common warrants that remained unexercised at the time of the offer. The pre-funded warrants were immediately exercisable at any time, until exercised in full, at a price of $0.0001 per share of common stock. In addition, warrants to purchase 85,312 shares of common stock were issued to the underwriters as compensation for their services related to the offering. These common stock warrants have an exercise price of $2.00 per share and expire five years from the date of issuance.

On June 30, 2023, the Company closed a registered direct offering of common stock (and common stock equivalents in lieu thereof) and a concurrent private placement of certain common stock warrants through Chardan Capital Markets, LLC as placement agent, for gross proceeds of $2.3 million and net proceeds of $1.9 million through the issuance and sale of 166,363 shares of its common stock, pre-funded warrants to purchase 60,909 shares of common stock and accompanying common warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 227,272 shares of its common stock. Each share of common stock and pre-funded warrant to purchase one share of common stock was sold together with a common warrant to purchase one share of common stock. The public offering price of each share of common stock and accompanying common warrant was $9.90. The common stock warrants were exercisable beginning December 30, 2023 at a price of $14.8478 per share of common stock, had an original expiration of three and a half years from the date of issuance and contain an alternative cashless provision. In connection with the June 2024 inducement offer discussed further below, the exercise price was decreased to $1.55 per share of common stock for common warrants and the expiration date was extended by approximately two and a half years. The pre-funded warrants were immediately exercisable at any time, until exercised in full, at a price of $0.0022 per share of common stock. All of the pre-funded warrants have been exercised. In addition, warrants to purchase 6,818 shares of common stock were issued to the placement agent as compensation for its services related to the offering. These common stock warrants have an exercise price of $14.8478 per share, were exercisable beginning December 30, 2023 and expire three and a half years from the date of issuance.

On February 10, 2023, the Company closed a public offering of common stock and certain warrants through Chardan Capital Markets, LLC and EF Hutton, division of Benchmark Investments LLC as underwriters, for gross proceeds of $15.0 million and net proceeds of $13.6 million through the issuance and sale of 530,222 shares of its common stock and, to certain investors, pre-funded warrants to purchase 101,090 shares of common stock, and accompanying common warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 1,262,618 shares of its common stock. Each share of common stock and pre-funded warrant to purchase one share of common stock was sold together with a common warrant to purchase two shares of common stock. The public offering price of each share of common stock and accompanying common warrant was $23.76 and the public offering price of each pre-funded warrant and accompanying common warrant was $23.7578. The common stock warrants were immediately exercisable at a price of $23.76 per share of common stock, expire five years from the date of issuance and contain an alternative cashless exercise provision whereby, subject to certain conditions, a warrant may be exercised in a cashless transaction for shares of common stock at the rate of half a share of common stock per full share otherwise issuable upon a cash exercise. The pre-funded warrants were immediately exercisable at any time, until exercised in full, at a price of $0.0022 per share of common stock. In addition, warrants to purchase 44,190 shares of common stock were issued to the underwriters as compensation for their services related to the offering. These common stock warrants have an exercise price of $29.70 per share and expire five years from the date of issuance.

The Company entered into an At-the-Market Sales Agreement with BTIG, LLC (“BTIG”) on August 15, 2022 (the “2022 Sales Agreement”). Pursuant to the 2022 Sales Agreement, the Company could offer and sell, from time to time, through BTIG, as sales agent and/or principal, shares of its common stock having an aggregate offering price of up to $25.0 million, subject to certain limitations on the amount of common stock that may be offered and sold by the Company set forth in the 2022 Sales Agreement. Due to the offering limitations applicable to the Company, the Company filed prospectus supplements for the sale of shares of its common stock for an aggregate offering price of up to $7.8 million pursuant to the 2022 Sales Agreement. During the nine months ended June 30, 2023, the Company sold 136,702 shares of common stock pursuant to the 2022 Sales Agreement for gross proceeds of $5.7 million and net proceeds of $5.5 million. There are no registered shares remaining to be sold under the 2022 Sales Agreement.

Common stock warrants

As of June 30, 2024, the following equity-classified warrants and related terms were outstanding:

 Schedule of Warrants Outstanding 

On June 19, 2024, the Company entered into inducement offer letter agreements with holders of certain existing warrants issued in October 2023 having an original exercise price of $1.60 per share to purchase up to an aggregate of 2,828,500 shares of the Company’s common stock at a reduced exercise price of $1.20 per share. The transaction closed on June 21, 2024, resulting in gross proceeds to the Company of $3.4 million and net proceeds of $2.9 million. Due to beneficial ownership limitations, 1,500,000 shares of common stock related to the exercise of warrants in this transaction are being held in abeyance as of June 30, 2024. Also in connection with this inducement offer, the Company (i) issued to holders who participated in the transaction new common stock warrants to purchase an aggregate of 5,625,000 shares of common stock, (ii) reduced the exercise price of existing warrants to purchase 2,840,000 shares of common stock for those holders who did not exercise warrants in the transaction from $1.60 per share to $1.20 per share for the remaining term of the warrants, and (iii) reduced the exercise price of certain existing warrants issued in June 2023 to purchase 227,272 shares of common stock from $14.8478 per share to $1.55 per share and extended the expiration date of these warrants from December 30, 2026 to June 21, 2029. The new common stock warrants are immediately exercisable at a price of $1.55 per share and expire five years from the date of issuance. Warrants to purchase 113,140 shares of common stock were issued to the placement agent as compensation for its services related to the offering. These common stock warrants are immediately exercisable at a price of $1.86 per share and expire five years from the date of issuance. The incremental fair value associated with the modification of certain existing June and October 2023 warrants to purchase common stock has been accounted for in additional paid-in capital as an equity cost because the modification was done in order to raise equity by inducing the exercise of warrants.

During the nine months ended June 30, 2024, an aggregate of 768,724 warrants were net share settled, resulting in the issuance of 754,312 shares of common stock, 2,863,500 warrants were exercised on a cash basis (including 1,500,000 warrants for which the related shares are being held in abeyance as of June 30, 2024 due to beneficial ownership limitations), resulting in proceeds of $3.0 million, and 34,458 warrants were abandoned by the warrant holder.

During the nine months ended June 30, 2023, an aggregate of 1,014,872 warrants were net share settled, resulting in the issuance of 519,492 shares of common stock, 137,998 warrants were exercised on a cash basis, resulting in insignificant proceeds, and 332 warrants expired.